Environmental factors influencing Pyrenophora semeniperda-caused seed mortality in Bromus tectorum

Temperature and water potential strongly influence seed dormancy status and germination of Bromus tectorum. As seeds of this plant can be killed by the ascomycete fungus Pyrenophora semeniperda, this study was conducted to learn how water potential and temperature influence mortality levels in this pathosystem. Separate experiments were conducted to determine: (1) if P. semeniperda can kill dormant or non-dormant seeds across a range of water potentials (0 to 22 MPa) at constant temperature (208C); and (2) how temperature (5–208C) and duration at reduced water potentials (0–28 days) affect the outcome. When inoculated with the fungus at 208C, all dormant seeds were killed, but fungal stromata appeared more quickly at higher water potentials. For non-dormant seeds, decreasing water potentials led to reduced germination and greater seed mortality. Results were similar at 10 and 158C. Incubation at 58C prevented stromatal development on both non-dormant and dormant seeds regardless of water potential, but when seeds were transferred to 208C, dormant seeds evidenced high mortality. For non-dormant seeds, exposure to low water potential at 58C resulted in secondary dormancy and increased seed mortality. Increasing incubation temperature, decreasing water potential and increasing duration at negative water potentials all led to increased mortality for non-dormant seeds. The results are consistent with field observations that pathogen-caused mortality is greatest when dormant seeds imbibe, or when non-dormant seeds experience prolonged or repeated exposure to low water potentials. We propose a conceptual model to explain the annual cycle of interaction in the Bromus tectorum–Pyrenophora semeniperda pathosystem.